Abstract The aim of the present study was to assess the effect of Eucalyptus trees in a silvopastoral system on the microclimate and the capacity of that to mitigate the effects of climate change on pasturelands. This study included an open pasture of Piatã palisadegrass and an adjacent pasture that contained both palisadegrass and East-to-West rows of Eucalyptus trees, with 15 m between rows, 2 m between trees within rows. The micrometeorological measurements were collected at several distances from the tree rows and in the open pasture. The silvopastoral system was associated with greater between-row shading when solar declination was high and greater near-tree shading when solar declination was around -22°. Both soil heat flux and temperature were influenced by solar radiation, wind speed, and the ability of tree canopies to reduce radiation losses. Wind speed was consistently lower in the silvopastoral system, owing to the windbreak effect of the Eucalyptus trees. The present study demonstrated that silvopastoral systems can be used to attenuate the effects of climate change, as trees can protect pastureland from intense solar radiation and wind, thereby reducing evapotranspiration and, consequently, improving soil water availability for the understory crop.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the production characteristics of pastures in integrated livestock production systems. For that, an experiment was carried out in São Carlos, SP, Brazil, from 2013 to 2015. Forage development, production and nutritive value were evaluated in five beef cattle production systems: extensive continuous stocking (Urochloa decumbens) = EXT; intensive = INT; crop-livestock = iCL; livestock-forest = iLF and crop-livestock-forest = iCLF. Rotational stocking pastures in INT, iCL, iLF and iCLF systems were established with Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Piatã. In iCL and iCLF, pastures were renovated by resowing the grass simultaneously with corn. In iLF and iCLF, eucalyptus (Eucalyptus urograndis clone GG100) was planted in Apr 2011 in single rows with 15 × 2 m spacing. In the 2013/2014 crop season, INT, iCL, and iCLF pastures were more productive than in iLF and EXT. Shading increase in the 2014/2015 season reduced pasture production in iLF and iCLF, compared with INT and iCL, but increased crude protein content and digestibility. In the shaded systems, pasture production was affected by proximity to trees, mainly due to reductions in solar radiation transmission. The principal component analyses showed that forage accumulation and leaf area index were associated with the position in the middle of the inter-row, and nutritive value was associated with the position at 1.5 m from the trees. In iCLF, solar radiation transmission greater than 60 % maintained forage accumulation similar to iCL, while in iLF, it reduced forage accumulation, evidencing that pasture renovation minimized shading effects in these systems.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a variabilidade espacial da resistividade elétrica do solo devido a diferentes umidades do solo, em sistema agropecuário integrado. A resistividade elétrica (RE) do solo foi medida com o sensor de contato “Automatic Resistivity Profiling” (ARP) em duas datas, em 2016, em área de 9,7 ha com diferentes umidades do solo. Os mapas obtidos indicaram que a RE permitiu delimitar as regiões dentro da área de estudo e indicar diferenças do movimento e da acumulação de água nos horizontes do solo. Apesar da tendência de redução dos valores da RE com o aumento da umidade do solo, a estrutura de correlação espacial da RE é similar.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to characterize the spatial variability of soil electrical resistivity due to different soil moisture contents, in an integrated agricultural system. Soil electrical resistivity (ER) was measured with the Automatic Resistivity Profiling (ARP) contact sensor in two dates, in 2016, in a 9.7-ha area with different soil moisture contents. The obtained maps indicated that ER allowed delimiting the regions within the study area and pointing out differences in the movement and accumulation of water in the soil horizons. Although there is a trend of reduction in ER values with increasing soil moisture, the spatial correlation structure of ER is similar.

In this study, the microclimate changes in silvopastoral systems are quantified at different time and spatial scales and compared with single-pasture systems. The study was conducted in a silvopastoral system in São Carlos, Brazil (22°01' South and 47°53' West). The silvopastoral system consisted of grass pastures [Urochloa (sin. Brachiaria) decumbens cv. Basilik] lined with strips of native trees spaced at 17 m. Continuous microclimate measurements (air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, and incident photosynthetically active radiation) were carried out from September 2010 to September 2012 at two positions of the silvopastoral system (2.0 and 8.5 m from the rows of trees) and at a pasture under full sunlight, located in an adjacent area. The soil moisture was monitored weekly from 24 March 2010 to 1 April 2012 at distances of 0.0, 2.0, 4.75, and 8.5 m from the rows of trees. The rows of native trees reduced wind speeds (46% reduction) and changed the photosynthetically active radiation incidence pattern on the pasture (up to 40% reduction of incidence at the point nearest to the trees). The combined action of these factors promoted thermal and air humidity changes on the pasture at the different points measured. With respect to soil moisture, there was greater soil moisture removal at the sampling points near the rows of native trees under the silvopastoral system, mainly due to enhanced exploration by tree roots at greater depths in dry spells or early dry periods, when compared with the midpoints between the rows.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade e as características biométricas do capim-braquiária (Urochloa decumbens) sob pastejo, em sistema silvipastoril. Avaliou-se um sistema com árvores nativas de interesse comercial, plantadas em renques, no sentido norte-sul, espaçados por 17 m. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições e parcelas subdivididas, tendo-se avaliado o ciclo de rebrota da forragem nas parcelas, e a distância desta em relação aos renques, nas subparcelas. Sete ciclos de rebrota foram avaliados, em quatro distâncias dos renques: a 2 e a 6 m do renque leste, e a 2 e a 6 m do renque oeste. Quantificou-se a produtividade de matéria seca, o índice de área foliar (IAF), a área foliar específica (AFE) e a altura das plantas. A produtividade de forragem, nos dois primeiros ciclos, e o IAF, no segundo e no terceiro ciclo, diminuiram com níveis de sombra acima de 39 e 40%, respectivamente. Já a altura de plantas aumentou com sombreamentos superiores a 53%, nos quatro primeiros ciclos; o que também ocorreu com a AFE, com sombreamento superior a 66%, nos três primeiros ciclos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and biometric characteristics of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) under grazing, in a silvopastural system. A system with native trees of commercial interest, planted in a set of rows with north-south orientation, with 17 m spacing was evaluated. A randomized complete block design with four replicates was carried out in a split-plot arrangement, with forage grass regrowth cycles evaluated in the plots and distances from trees in the subplots. Seven regrowth cycles were evaluated at four distances of the set of tree rows: at 2 and 6 m from trees at east, and at 2 and 6 m from trees at west. Dry matter productivity, leaf area index (LAI), specific leaf area (SLA), and plant height were measured. Forage productivity in the first two cycles and LAI in the second and third cycles reduced with shading levels higher than 39 and 40%, respectively. However, plant height increased with shadings greater than 53%, in the first four cycles, and SLA with shadings greater than 66%, in the first three cycles